Probably one of the main determining factors in how deep a disc will cut is machine weight per blade. (Dividing machine weight by the total number of blades) Also, smaller diameter blades will cut better than large diameter simply because the blade acts as a wheel albeit a thin wheel. The smaller "wheel" has less floatation. Groundspeed is another determining factor; a slower speed will let the blades penetrate deeper.
Another consideration, which may not be as important on the smaller discs, is how good of a job of leveling the soil the machine does. Larger discs will have feathering blades at the outside end of each gang which tend to prevent deep furrows and/or ridges between machine passes in the field. The feathering discs normally consist of progressively smaller (an inch or two in diameter) blades at the outside ends of the gangs and sometimes the last blade will be a triangular shape to prevent leaving a continuous furrow that may cause soil erosion. Another important factor for doing a good discing job is the leveling of the disc frame front to rear which can be adjusted with the top link on the 3PH. Discs with wheels for transport and depth control normally have a self-leveling mechanism that coordinates the tongue angle with the lift mechanism for keep the disc level at any operating depth as well as in transport mode. It is very important than this self-leveling be initially adjusted for the tractor drawbar height as well as field operating conditions. Running a tandem disc with the rear gangs too low will tend to leave a ridge of soil behind the center of the disc while running with the rear gangs too high will result in the front gangs throwing up nasty ridges on each side of the machine which the rear gangs are not able to level out.
It is important when using a disc with wheels for controlling cutting depth to keep at least a little machine weight on the wheels in the field to assure consistent cutting depth. Raising the wheels clear of the ground will allow uneven penetration of the disc due to weight distribution. Some heavy duty construction type discs, on the other hand, are designed to run with the wheels raised above ground which adds cutting weight as mentioned above.