By increasing the deck rotation RPM, you won't get any increase in tractor speed MPH. You are talking about two different, separately controlled systems.
Now, you could increase the speed (RPM) of the deck by using different sheaves, but you would also need a different belt. But increasing the speed (RPM) of the deck, you would run into other problems including longevity of the parts involved. Hitting an object at, say 300 rpm, the blade would likely try to knock it away if it can't cut it through. Hitting that same object at 600 RPM may shatter the blade, creating shrapnel that could do even more damage.