Ok here goes.
First the purpose of the 80% valve is to allow the person filling the tank a way of knowing that the tank is full. The reason to only fill a propane tank to 80% is because of the expansion that takes place relative to the outside temp.. As propane warms it expands as Bird has already said. So you take it from there. If the tank is overfilled there is a relief valve that will blow off if the pressure in the tank gets to high.
There are a few different styles of the so called 80% valve. Here are a couple of different types.
First on the D.O.T. tank old style valve---there is a tube that is attached to the valve that goes straight down into the tank to the point of 80%. This is a screw thats opened when filling on the side of the valve and when liquid hits the bottom of the diptube liquid will start to come out of the small hole in the valve. Filling is then stopped and the screw is shut on the tank.
Moterhome or asme tanks old style have the same setup as above but the valve is separate and is opened with your fingers when filling.
New style valves on the dot tanks have a float attached to the valve that once the 80% mark is hit it stops flow going into the tank, you still have the screw setup of the old style tank as a back up on the new valves. Double safety.
The new style asme tanks have the same setup with a float that stops the flow going into the tank as well. You still open the bleeder when filling as well.
Are you with me so far?
Now for the flow checks. There are a few different styles as well.
First old style pigtail on a moterhome or dot tank. The pigtail is the black rubber piece that attaches the lp tank valve to the regulator. If you remove the pigtail and giggle it you will hear a rattle in it. The rattle you hear is the flow check. If the pigtail was sheared off in an accident the check valve kicks in and flow from the tank is almost reduced to nothing. If you open your propane tank too fast you can sometimes hear the little click of the check. Same pigtail as on the moterhomes.
New style DOT tank has the flow check built into the valve itself for added safety. Some of the newer moterhome valves are the same as well with the flow check built into the valve itself.
Hope this was clear enough to understand
Gordon