I'd like to make a point about synthetic oils that no one has yet brought up. That is the margin of safety.
I agree that a dino oil will protect your diesel and do a good job under normal conditions, at manufacturer specified change intervals. And I think we can all agree that there may be some benefit and there is certainly no harm in somewhat more frequent changes.
Dino oil is in my experience only at a big disadvantage when things go wrong. For example, if you puncture your oil pan and lose all the oil your motor will sieze and be a total loss within seconds with dino oil. With synthetic it will continue running without damage under light load until shut down. BIG DIFFERENCE, potentially over $10,000 difference.
If you have a serious overheat issue - same thing. Synthetic lubed engines will overheat until the pistons melt but they will not seize up as a rule. That gives a huge margin of safety from fatal damage. I have seen engines with sagged piston crowns that still cranked over fine with no lower end damage thanks to synthetics. Dino oil and these motors would be total losses. Again a big difference.
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Another benefit of synthetics concerns engine cleanliness. Synthetic oils of a given grade flow through an engine more rapidly because they are more pumpable for a given weight. Furthermore, synthetic base stocks have a higher strength than dino base stocks, so a lighter base oil can be used for a given strength requirement. That further increases pumpability.
That increased pumpability is most commonly discussed in terms of improving fuel economy by reducing the horsepower requirement of the oil pump. But it also affects engine cleanliness.
The increased flow rate means that there is considerably more spray lubriaction in a synthetic oiled motor, and that means there is less tendency for crud to remain deposits on internal parts because they are being washed at a higher rate. This is one reason synthetic lubed engines are cleaner inside on teardown.
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Several posts in this thread ask for facts or qualifications of the poster. My company is an authorized service agent for Robert Bosch Automotive Systems, the worlds leading maker of diesel fuel injection systems and components. I've run a service department using synthetic lubricants for about 20 years. We service thousands of vehicles, many of which run synthetic lubricants. We have extensive experience tearing down and repairing automotive systems with all types of lubricants. We're online here
http://www.robisonservice.com/servicedep/ser_dept.asp