If you eliminate the thermostat as being the problem, another
consideration is to check if the engine temperature is being accurately displayed on the temp gauge. Temperature sensors do fail and can fail to track the engine temperature as they should.
If you test actual engine temperature at the top radiator and compare it to the gauge, you should get a better idea of what is going on.
The sensor is just a variable resistor that changes value with a change in temperature. When I received my tractor new, the gauge never deviated more than 2 degrees from 40 degrees ambient to full operating temp. It was the sensor, which is cheap and easy to replace. Here's how I tested it.
I measured the sensor resistance when cold (terminal to sensor case). Also measure sensor to block resistance, it should be near zero.
With the engine cold, I put a piece of cardboard in front of the radiator, removed the radiator cap, started the engine and warmed it up. I then placed a thermometer into the coolant and once the engine was about 170 to 180 degrees, I measured the sensor again. Sure enough it only deviated an ohm or so. My temp gauge was showing the engine was still cold.
In your case, measuring the top radiator temp and comparing it to the temp gauge display, should give you a good idea of what's going on in the cooling system.