Thanks for the replies!
It's not the tractor or the PTO making the noise. I just finished repairing the PTO (which HAD actually been pulled outta the back of the tractor!!), so I'm confident that's not the issue.
When I start the cutter, it will start up for the first 10 seconds or so, but as soon as it hits higher rpms, it rattles like mad. I must be honest, I dunno exactly how the drive shaft should look. I don't see any area that's obviously bent, but the plastic shell on it is pretty worn out. The bolts that hold the gear box down are fairly tight, though I note that when I turn them, they move a little bit. Haven't gotten up under it yet, mainly b/c I've been short on time and long on work, and b/c I don't really have a good way to block it up safely. Will work on that and get back with you!!