Containerized wood chip and wood pellet boiler systems are very popular in Europe and growing in use here in the States, so not only would a simple wood stove work in your container, you should be able to find the exhaust systems including gaskets rather easily. Don't forget that you'll need to install a vent for air supply into the container as well, make sure it is screened or you might find some woodland visitors have moved in while you were out. I'd also recommend using some sort of security bolts/nuts/screws where your intake vent and exhaust system mount to the container so that nobody can easily disassemble it but other than that you should have no problems. Battery powered Carbon Monoxide detector would be worth the expense as well.
As to your insulation issue, before you proceed with the typical home layed in insulation (that miserable pink stuff), you might want to look at the new insulating paint or foam options. Foam would be difficult as in needs to be sprayed (air compressor) but there are paint options that can be rolled on with the correct nap of roller that will work, not quite as effective as sprayed but getting close. The paint option is probably more expensive that the house fiberglass but once it is dry, you wont need to worry about breathing in the loose insulation. Boat owners in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska have been using the paint option very successfully. It also helps with noise although I doubt you have that problem.
Shipping containers are becoming much more popular for remote housing use and I think you'll find a lot of products out there specifically designed for your situation. If you are having challenges finding the correct exhaust system for your wood stove to container, feel free to send me a message with your general area location. I'll see if I can find you a dealer or two to contact. My company just installed a 250kW pellet boiler in a 40' container and the exhaust was no problem.
thanks