Only four things that can affect cooling:
1) Blockage of radiator (external or internal);
2) Closed thermostat;
3) Failed water pump;
4) Bad head gasket (would need to do a leak test here).
Rare that a diesel overheats without some rather serious reason.
Check upper and lower radiator hoses to determine if there's circulation happening (overflow tank can sometimes inform, though not as sure a test). If there's circulation then the thermostat is likely not, at least, fully closed. Water pump failures tend to result in audible cues (in most cases you'll see them leaking first; failures progress into the audible spectrum): check that the belt is properly engaging the WP pulley (tight and causes the pump [at least the outside] to turn.
Head gasket failures tend to produce over-pressure in the cooling system (overheating will come in to play as coolant gets pushed out). Common to find bubbles and, perhaps, combustion odors in the cooling system. Overheating itself can result in head gasket failure: if one overheats for some other reason, perhaps a blocked cooling system or low coolant, things that could be readily rectified, it then turns into a more costly resolution such as replacing the head gasket [along with whatever machine and head work might be required].