as far as toxicity, i understand the concern. But both permethrin and pyrethrin are approved for use in barns, food processing sites, etc This is addressed in website. but I'm no expert. But one must also weigh the danger of being biten, as far as disease transmission, allergic response, or just the nuisance. But the effect on "good insects" is true. It probably does kill others such as bees, etc. But frankly, I'd rather kill a few good bugs than be miserable being eaten alive while outside, or be covered in DEET, which can't be too good for you either. I hate wearing that chemical. it's a trade off. but all i can say is it works. My attitude isn't "green" but I'd rather not be itching! An alternative to regular spraying would be to only fog with pyrethrin (quick kill knock down) just before the event and only that area, say if you're having a picnic. that would also work. But using citronella torches, zsppers, Mosquito Magnet machines, propane foggers is in my opinion a waste of time. I did that for years here in muggy S. C. DEET is the only alternative, unless you cover up all skin with clothing. And i hate sitting around at a party or picnic smelling DEET <CGColor 0x16734810> [<CGColorSpace 0x16637060> (kCGColorSpaceDeviceRGB)] ( 0 0 0 1 )