Off-road diesel engine manufacturers have to do whatever is necessary to meet Tier IV/Final emission standards.
Following summarizes cost to VW for exceeding diesel emission standards on their diesel engine cars. Not entirely germane, but somewhat so.
How much has Dieselgate cost Volkswagen?
Dec. 23, 2018 5:33 AM ET
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About: Volkswagen AG ADR (VWAGY)|By: Yoel Minkoff, Seeking Alpha News Editor
The cleanup of Volkswagen's (OTCPK:VWAGY) diesel cheating scandal will cost the automaker €5.5B in 2018, around €2B in 2019 and €1B in 2020, CFO Frank Witter told Boersen-Zeitung.
Since 2015, the German group has paid more than €27B to settle investor and consumer lawsuits, as well as regulatory fines and remedies tied to resolving excessive emissions levels in its diesel cars.
27,000,000,000 Euros = $30,760,000,000 $/US