lefluers,
Welcome to the TBN forums!
The standard causes of a belt being thrown are:
1) missing or bent guard for the belt (which is meant to help hold it in place)
2) bad bearings in the spindles (shafts that hold the blades) causing them to wobble
3) belt tensioner has a stiff pivot or weak/broken spring
4) misaligned pulleys
The belt tensioner is probably an idler pulley on a spring-loaded arm that pivots. If the pivot needs lubricated or the spring is broken or weak, the belt won't be under enough tension.
To check for bad spindle bearings, remove the belt and see how much the blades wobble.
The belt guards could be a stiff wire "finger" or some other metal part to prevent the belt from flopping around or coming off the pulley. They can get bent, especially if you pick up a stick or something, or if someone forces a belt on in the wrong way.