I have a YM186D, the similar US version of that.
I have no idea what could cause what you describe. Possibly a broken shift linkage or less likely, a plugged hydraulic filter. I assume your clutch works normally. PowerShift has the reputation of being indestructible, aside being from plugged up with dirty oil, but I suppose its possible they broke something internal with hard shifts at high rpm. I don't recall we've ever seen a post here describing internal damage.
The US version of YM1510D is YM186D. Its parts manual is the same but in English. It may be easier to find details in the YM186 parts manual, then go to the Japan version to be sure of accurate part#'s for your YM1510D.
YM186D has the big transmission filter near the fuel filter, then a second filter that might be the only filter on YM1510D, I don't know. This smaller filter is under your left thigh. In Maverick's Japan manual scroll down (about half way) to Section 35 parts drawing. This smaller filter (screen, actually) is #11. Be careful prying the cover off to get to the filter, its easily broken.