Aren't turbocharged engines ported differently for the increased airflow?
No. The manifold is different and there may be internal strengthining ribs in the block or webbing in the head to absorb the increased pressure but no, the intake and exhaust ports are the same most of the time.
Most people don't comprehend what turbocharging or supercharging (in a gasoline engine) actually does.
It's like this....
In a naturally aspirated engine (diesel or gas), the piston, on it's down stroke (with the intake valve(s) open), draws in fresh air (in the case of a gasoline engine, air and fuel mixed). The intake valve(s) shut and the piston ascends, compressing the fresh air or fuel air mix in a gas engine. The main difference between the diesel and a gas engine is that the compression stroke, compresses the air to a point at which it becomes so hot that when the injector injects a mist of diesel fuel, it spontaneously ignites, driving the piston back down again and producing power. In a gas engine, the 'mixture' isn't compressed as much and a spark plug ignites the mixture, again driving the piston down and producine power.
The addition of a turbocharger or a supercharger (on a gasoline engine) does absolutely nothing other than pre compress the intake charge, effectively increasing it's volume and rasing the base compression ratio, which is why turbocharged/supercharged engines are usually strengthened internally, to take the added stress of the raised base compression ratio, increased by turbocharging/supercharging.
The reason your exhaust temperature is higher is because the charge is heated by compression of the turbine wheel in the turbocharger.supercharger so the inital charge is hotter before it gets compressed by the piston.
That;s why it's imperative to adjust not only the injector timing to compensate for the hotter intake charge but to assure that the engine can take the added stress.
That's also why it's advantageous to cool the charge air prior to it being introduced to the combustion chamber. That's what air to air or coolant to air coolers do on modern diesel engines.
in anutshell, that's what happens.