There are two things that are similar. One is when you have the throttle at 1/2 or 2/3 and you start to do something requiring more power. The RPM's will sag down some and the gov will start to give it more power. You can hear the extra power being generated. At that point the rpm's will stabilize or rise. That's normal even with a slight brown or black haze to the exhaust.
Bogging down is technically defined as the condition that exists when you pull the throttle down more and the engine is not able to increase the RPM's against the given load.
SO, if you are hitting a heavy load and hear the gov add fuel and you pull the throttle lever down and the RPM's don't change (or continue to drop), you are seriously overloading the engine. You can hear and feel the difference as it has a lower frequency with pronounced pounding. That is bogging it down and that is not good. The long term damage is typically a broken crank, spun bearing, bent rod, melted piston or even a thrown rod. Diesels are tough, but everything has it's limits. After a while you will get a feel for them and will add more throttle sooner and/or drop a gear.
When it happens on occasion, it's no big deal. It's when you make a practice of operating in a bogged condition that damage accumulates until your wallet bleeds.
jb