The 580 CK is essentially gravity fed to the fuel pump (which is contained in one section of the Roosa injection pump. So fuel flows from the tank to the injection pump through the two filters and back to the injection pump. Fuel bleed is essentially using gravity to remove the air from the system as there is no primer pump..However, as the fuel filters are on the pressure side, if there is an air leak it may cause a loss of power, but not necessarily a stall. It would be a good idea to check the sediment trap in the fuel tank for water, make sure fuel flows easily out of the fuel tank, then the hose leading into the fuel/injector pump. At least that will eliminate the fuel supply side as a cause of the problem.
Any time there is a loss of power following servicing on a diesel, I am immediately suspicious of some small issue in the fuel system. Typically, things just don't go south suddenly like that. Is this a power shuttle or manual clutch version? If it is a power shuttle it would also be worthwhile checking the hydraulic oil level in the torque tube and also double check, if it was changed out in the servicing, what kind of fluid was put back in. Had a Honda auto once that would just about not get down the road at all unless one used the Honda dealer version of ATF in the transmission. Not sure the Case is quite so picky, but the the power shuttle is intended to run on Case spec hydraulic fluid (cannot remember the initials right now) but not on regular automotive ATF.