I am an electrician and we rate our circuits for 80% of breaker value. For instance a 20 amp breaker should only carry 16 amps under continuous load (calculated load). This works great for commercial operations where motor loads are known, but its hit and miss in residential applications. I have seen many a breaker that is marked 20 amps and pulling a continuous 23 amps without tripping. Ive seen it many times over the years. It shouldn't do it but it does. Remember, #12 wire is ACTUALLY rated to conduct 30 amps of power, but by convention its rated at 20 amps. So the 23 amps wont cause a fire per say. Now as to why it didn't trip with a short to ground tells me either the ground wire wasn't connected completely thru to the panel, or that particular breaker is toast.
I have never been asked in over 30 years to test someones breakers.....not sure how to effectively do that even. If there is a question, i simply replace it. I still remember the old advertising for Zinsco brand breakers...." Our breakers are so tough....they never trip" thats cause they were cra*.
I have not installed a powered attic vent for many many years. I have never seen one that has shorted out though. I'm sure it can happen.
QO breakers are rated very highly in our industry, but i am very skeptical about the twin (mini) breakers. I don't see how they can be as effective as the full sized breakers.
A ground fault or an ark fault breaker could add further protection to this fan in the future. HOWEVER you need to make sure the ground wire is intact all the way into the panel.