There is a chart listing approximate capacities at 75% full
here. It says the 9.5x16 holds about 12 gallons, and that seems close, but maybe on the high side.
You can use inner tubes, or not. I do, just because they seem to seal better, but it's not a necessity.
I run straight water, but it never gets cold enough for long enough here to freeze that much water solid. Others use anti-freeze added to water, or windshield washing fluid (methanol) alone. The old standard is to use calcium chloride in solution to add additional weight to the fluid, as well as providing extreme freeze protection. The other big alternative is beet juice, sold commercially as "Rim Guard" and perhaps other brand names.
I use straight water, so I rigged an adapter that took a female garden hose end and attached it to a tire inflator. I screw that to a hose, pull the valve core out of the tube, let the air out, and then inflate the tire. I position the valve at the top of the tire's rotation, and stop every so often to purge the air.
There are special pumps made, others use a funnel and small hose.
I usually fill until I can hear bubbling from the valve stem, indicating the top of the rim is covered. That seems to give enough air atop the incompressible water to keep a smooth ride and relatively compliant tire, but maximize the weight of the liquid ballast.