According to my cousin, who has worked on the railroad for 30 years, they use oil sampling to determine oil change intervals. Depending on the type of service, switcher or road unit, it can vary quite a bit. A big EMD or GE prime mover holds around 250 gallons of lube oil, and there is an oil sump drain with a quick connect fitting, usually above the fuel tank, for draining the oil.
Last winter a couple of SD40-2s were left running for a weekend on a siding in town. I walked out and looked them over, one unit was dripping oil out of the sump under the engine, obviously from an oil leak, probably leaked 5 gallons over the weekend. Both were built in the mid 70's, and were getting a little long in the tooth, but were still pulling their weight, so to speak.
Locomotives have always fascinated me, as they are amazing machines.