IF it was freezing out while you were running.. gelling fuel would be my guess.. DONT rip it apart just yet.
& no, you don't need to pin the engine before pulling the pump..
The pump sits on its own camshaft that remains in the engine after the pump is removed.. timing is done w/ shims underneath the mounting flange of the pump.. the shims raise & lower the pump off the camshaft to effectively change the point of injection.
Only a couple of things would have caused the "run away"..
Freezing temps got ahold of the fuel, either gelling it or freezing any water that was in the system, locking the control rack in the inj. pump..
A SERIOUS problem w/ the governor system but that normally slows down an engine..
An engine running on its own oil, being pumped to the top of the pistons.. turbo or bad rings..
An injector that blew the tip off.. flooding the top of the piston.. LOTS of black smoke..
A broken gov. control spring that links the gov to the pump. I've seen THAT ONE more than all the others.
Let us know whatcha find.