Water expands when it freezes and will heave almost anything. The way to prevent the heaving/subsidence in colder climates it to keep the substrate "dry". This is usually done in one to two ways.
If the surface is permeable like brick or other pavers a sub-base of washed (no fines) stone, often starting with 4" stone followed by compacted layers of smaller, washed, (usually crushed) stone, ending (in the case of bricks) with 1/4 - 3/8" chip stone upon which the pavers are laid. The voids between the stones allow any water that enters to flow elsewhere keeping the base "dry".
The second method is to use an impermeable layer that is sloped to carry any water away from the base. A classic example is the asphalt-covered roadway that is often built on a "dirt" base that includes fines. Of course provisions for drainage away from the base must be in place to prevent the water from flowing into the base. Asphalt has the advantage of being somewhat elastic, but we all have seen what happens when it cracks and allows water into the base.
Incidentally, stone dust is currently out of favor because it retains moisture. There are some whiz-bang modern materials like polymerized sand that are enjoying a vogue, but after a few years, disadvantages show up. There are still many anecdotes of stone dust installations that have endured, but there are so many variables in building hardscape that "true" knowledge may never be known.