Nobody "wrestles" with this. Its just part of life and easily worked with. I'd quit trying to optimize down to a gnats butt. You are in the mode of analysis paralysis. I know this mode well.

As you have observed, bolt heads are slightly undersized so a wrench fits on them. If that brush hog is made in the USA, you likely have imperial fasteners. If off-shore, 100% its metric. A lot of the things you are measuring you won't need to touch for years, if ever. Quit worrying about them. Get tools for them when you need them.
I don't recall if you said you had much in the way of tools, but really, just start out with metric and imperial socket sets in 1/4, 3/8 and 1/2 drive. Get a few extra extensions in a foot or so so you can reach bolts from far away. Especially for getting to the rear lug nuts. Can't swing a breaker bar or torque wrench from inside the wheel easily.
Then, buy what you need. Quit fretting about it and move on. It's not good for your well being to make more of this than there is.
Also, at best, a parts breakdown would tell you that something like your loader frame bolts are 16mm. That would be the thread size. You still have to know that it is standard to use a 24mm head on such a bolt. (You can get such a look-up table on-line.) Even then, its not an absolute requirement for bolts to conform to the head standard.
Impact wrench: A nice to have. It is absolutely not necessary. I have an air gun as well as a couple of battery powered ones. They are nice, but not essential. Most of your maintenance is one or two bolts so they aren't much help. You aren't going to be changing tires on that tractor for many years, so no help there.