Diesel 101. In most Diesel engines there is no restriction in the air going into the intake manifold (no choke and no throttle). In other words, the cylinders always get a full load of air. Power is controlled by regulating the amount of atomized fuel sprayed into the cylinders so the engine runs "lean" (extra air) at all but the highest power settings. To accomplish this, the fuel injection pump pumps a small metered amount of fuel to each injector and the injectors don't "pop" open until the fuel pressure reaches a predetermined value, typically above 2000 psi. The injection pump has a separate pumping piston for each engine cylinder and these are controlled by a "rack" that moves linearly to increase or decrease fuel to all of the engine's cylinders, simultaneously. The rack is controlled by the hand or foot "throttle" and a centrifugal governor so, in effect, your throttle position produces a fixed RPM so the injection pump increases or decreases the injected fuel quantity to maintain that RPM. Now, the final wrinkle is the fuel shutoff; the rack is moved to the full off position (zero fuel injected) by either the solenoid or the manual fuel shutoff lever. There is no provision to stop the engine by shutting off the air although people have done this manually (like a rubber bag over the air cleaner) to stop run-away engines.
All of the preceding applies to conventional mechanical injection systems. The new high-pressure electronic systems are different.