Walkin Horse, I very much suspect that the young plants were already there when you sprayed and the cover of the bigger plants meant that they were not hit with the spray.
I do not want to sound patronising, but yes, the "green balls" are the seed pods. That is where the seeds are. It is extremely easy to kill. Hit it when it is small, do not wait until it has already set and distributed seeds - you will see the the "green balls" split after a while and throw out thousands of little black seeds that grow next year's problem. No need to mix 2-4-D with glyphosate either. Just give it glyphosate.
You will have a seed bank of several years already in the soil. They will keep coming back even if you kill everything that germinates. Eventually you will win if you do not let any more plants set seed. There is an old saying "One year's seeding means seven years' weeding" so look forward to a decreasing problem over the nmext 7 years. After 11 here, I have almost won. Good luck to you.