JB, I'll answer your questions in reverse order. As for welding guards around the valve stem, a lot of tractors that come with R4 tires come originally with such guards (expected to be used in industrial and construction applications). There has been some discussion on this forum about doing that and I think it might not be a bad idea, although I'm not sure I'd trust my own welding enough to do it and feel confident that I had not damaged the wheel.
As for the valve stem, I assume we've talking about a tubeless tire, and yes, you have to break the bead loose on that one side. There is probably a broken piece of the old stem inside the tire, but you can probably get it out without taking the tire completely off the rim. Then you lubricate a new stem, insert it into the rim from the inside and pull it through until the "shoulder" comes through. There are at least three types of special tool for this purpose and you might be able to do it without one of them, but I sure wouldn't want to. The tool screws on in place of the valve cap and gives you something to pull with (takes a pretty good pull to get it into place). If you have a tool for removing the valve core (vs just a valve cap), it probably includes the thing that screws on to pull with. Breaking the bead loose is sometimes easy, but frequently not, so there are special tools made for that, also. However, in an emergency when I didn't have the right tool, I have laid a tire and wheel on the ground and driven a car tire onto the flat tire as close as possible to the rim without getting ON the rim.