Looks like our posts crossed.
As you know, you should always remove the ground or negative terminal first so as to preclude accidentally shorting the battery. But, if you removed the positive first, you can almost be dead certain that you didn't short out the battery, as to do so would involve a big old arc, lots of molten metal, and a big gouge out of your favorite wrench as several hundred amps find their way through the frame back to the battery. It's an ugly and unforgettable experience!
Okay, since you have a volt meter, and know how to use it, let's proceed.
With the battery reconnected (hook up positive 1st, then negative!), connect the voltmeter to ground and bat +. Next, check at the back of the starter switch. You should have battery voltage on at least one terminal. If not, you'll need to go first to the fuse block and make sure that you have voltage there. Note that a number of fuses there will not have voltage applied until the "ignition" switch is on. What you are looking for is the "main" fuses. Note also, that many vehicles incorporate a fusible link - this will be located between the battery positive and the fuse block. If this has opened, that would produce the symptoms you have - - but so would a bad connection in the positive wire to the fuse block (or the negative from battery to tractor ground etc.). With a volt meter, with the "ignition switch" turned on or to accessory, if you measure from say the battery + terminal to a point downstream of that, where you would expect to also see positive voltage, but there is none, then stretch the leads (use a longer lead if need be) between those two points. There should be no voltage reading. But IF there is, then your open circuit is between these two points. You can use this principle to narrow down to the problem. You can also just take readings from ground to where there should be + voltage - either method works.
One old principle of troubleshooting, check the easy stuff first!
bumper