Back in 2011, I noted that fuel and oil is priced in dollars. Whether or not a country is Dutch, Arab, Asian or whatever, fuel and oil is priced in dollars on the global market. Demand for energy like fuel and oil in emerging countries continues to increase. As a result and as every high schooler can tell us, when supply is constrained but demand increases, we will then see price increase because of the law of supply and demand.
Hold that thought in mind but set the law of supply and demand aside for now. Because to explain the energy story I need to explain something that is not taught in schools, namely that the trajectory of markets is largely set by bond pricing which in turn effects the value of currency which is what energy is priced in. Stick with me because I'm diving into the deep end:
1) Interest rates are a way of measuring the demand for money.
- Low interest rates mean demand for money is low and demand for debt is high.
- High interest rates mean that demand for money is high and demand for debt is low. For example: If my demand for your debt is low, you will need to pay me more to hold your debt in the form of higher interest rates. And why would you be willing to do so? Because demand for my money is high.
Hence,
High interest rates mean that demand for money is high and demand for debt is low.
In other words, raising interest rates means that a currency is becoming more valuable and falling interest rates mean that a currency is becoming less valuable.
2) Devaluing a currency makes domestic goods and services produced or offered less expensive relative to other currencies.
- We know a currency is devaluing when interest rates trend downward.
- When currency is cheap relative to foreign currencies, our local economy tends to strengthen on increased exports and bolster domestic employment.
In other words, during periods of economic weakness, a central bank will try to devalue its currency as a way to increase employment and increase domestic commerce.
3) When interest rates are zero, central bankers have few tools to effectively lower interest rates.
- They can print money. Printing money can be literal printing of money which isn稚 very effective because less than 5% of our currency is in paper form.
- They can lower the reserve capital requirements of banks, thereby multiplying the money supply available for lending.
- Or they can devalue to money by purchasing debt in the currency they issue thereby effectively diluting money.
Those central banks that have the ability to do so have all sought to devalue their currency. But devaluation is relative and as one central bank devalued its currency, that provided motivation for another central bank to devalue its own currency. This has resulted in increased costs of commodities which are often priced in dollars. But the increased price in commodities isn't true inflation because peoples incomes have not inflated. As a result, when commodity prices increased, there is demand destruction and commodities pricing can be expected to fall unless demand remains elevated. Central bankers realize this and for this reason they have not yet grown concerned about the increase in commodity pricing because they expect demand destruction.
The only thing that actually drives sustained commodity price increases is continuous population growth. Continuous population growth drives underlying demand. Thus the wise look at demographics in order to predict future demand.