I have not used one but it seems like an old spring shank chisel (old because they're generally built way heavier!!) could probably be pulled through most soils by a <2000lb 4wd tractor, be safe from rock damage, and find a bunch of rocks. Just have to start shallow and work deeper on followup pass.
I don't totally agree that a small tractor with low hp can't
pull a disc plow. My little bit of experience tells me that once you get the disc heavy enough to cut in, your small tractor won't be able to LIFT it. Which leads me to a slightly more nuanced conclusion of, if you have a small tractor and hard ground, you should either not use a disc until ground has been broken some other way first, or use pull-type disc. In my case i weighted the disc until the tractor would barely lift it, still had disappointing results, did a couple passes with my box blade with rippers down (for lack of having anything more appropriate) and then did the disc again afterwards and had somewhat better results. The disc is borrowed so my experiment cost me nothing but time.
I have a huge rock collection! About the volume/size of a 1 ton truck (whole truck, not a truck bed) worth of piled rocks, now. But it certainly does NOT freeze more than half an inch deep here, EVER, and i am making a whole lot of progress on my <3 acre area ive pulled these rocks from (rest is wooded). I actually think im 70-80% done.
Im with the others who say just use the tiller and start shallow. But i do think a good old spring chisel cultivator could work as well if you aren't willing to subject your tiller to it. The one below could be lifted by anything bigger than a garden tractor (and mostly height issues at that, just needs to raise
enough) and could be pulled by anything assuming you started shallow and went deeper on followup passes.
I suspect the cheesy spring shanks of this style would not last long in unworked rocky soil: