I checked with my buddy who runs a full service independent garage, and also does vehicle emission testing.
Many traditional EFI systems (fuel pump in tank, running flat out, and a filter either under body, or in the engine compartment) can run into a lean burn condition with a restricted/plugged fuel filter.
In this case, lean burning does result from the fuel rail pressure being too low, and the O2 can not compensate beyond a certain point.
Here, we test for NOx emissions. My buddy had a good example recently, a GM car with about 300k km(180k miles), failing on NOx. The customer asked about the catalytic, my buddy said "it could be an issue, given the mileage, but when was the fuel filter last changed ?". Turns out, it had the ORIGINAL factory fuel filter on it. Changed the fuel filter ONLY, the car passed the emission test, no problem.
Yeah, my buddy could have sold him a cat he didn't need, but he is not only a sharp mechanic, but an ethical one.
This lean NOx failure can be fairly common on GM and VW (gas) cars. If your area does not test for NOx, you may still see this as an Engine fault code - Lean Misfire - often solved by just by changing the fuel filter.
I'm not trying to drift this thread; I do believe this lean condition described above can be pretty hard on sparkplugs.
Personally, if I acquired a gas EFI vehicle with a pretty ancient fuel filter, I'd be moving up my schedule for changing the sparkplugs in it.
If you never own a gas car/truck past 80k miles you likely will never see the problem I'm describing unless you get a tank or 2 of really bad gas.
Rgds, Dave.