Any clue from the smell of the smoke? Unburned diesel? Burning oil? Burning coolant? Each has a unique smell. If you are luck it will settle and burn off over time. If you are unluck it was hydrolocked and your attempt to start it busted something internal. Unburned diesel would be the most likely result.
People use different terminology, so let me ask some more about what happened when you first tried to start it. You said it wouldn't turn over initially. Do you mean that the starter couldn't rotate the engine, and stalled, like it would if you had a low battery? Or did it rotate but just not fire off?