I have had it tested and I have had a well person look at it. Two different ones. I just am not confident with the solutions they have proposed because they're not much different than what I already have (water softener + inline filter), which is something I don't use because it isn't effective. I am going to have to pay $10k+ to get my whole house re-plumbed and I don't want to have to do it again in 20 years.
When you write the softener is not effective, what do you mean?
Our water softener didn't work well when we bought this place, and the water hardness was more than I expected. Come to find out that even though the softener went through its cycles regularly, the internal valve had shattered, so it wasn't actually softening water.


. A new water softener and our water quality went way up.
I suspect that your water would benefit from putting the water softener back on line, (or, like us, a new one. We like ours. Hellenbrand) perhaps with new resin. That should soften the water, and remove some of the particles. With the right resins a softener can even remove some of the sulfates (if you have them) which with bacteria can make the water smell. Depending on which way the pH is off, a prefilter with the right elements or media should be able to address that. Copper does oxidize black under the right conditions. Again, it all depends on what is in your water.
Once the water has been softened, and with a sediment pre-filter, an RO filter should be able to clean things up. Our RO unit goes through a membrane every seven or eight years, just in case, and the pre-filters every six months or so. I do monitor the TDS going into and out of the RO u it to ensure that everything is working well. I would comment that we have a sediment filter at the well, store it in a tank, and then run it over a softener before the water gets to the RO, so particles/sediment are basically nonexistent.
That looks like a normal well head to me, check valve, pressure regulator and power, albeit one that has no frost protection...
As an aside, a water heater with gunk in the bottom is likely to burn out elements, and not be very efficient. It won't help with odors either.
All the best,
Peter