Sorry to sound uninformed here. I read your entire first post and just skimmed all the rest so I didn't get all the replies, just trying to help. I'm limited on time and on my phone...
Personally, I wouldn't do the harness. While it would no doubt be the BEST fix, it's really going to suck when they chew through it again. The next best would be solder and heat shrink, but only if your decent at it. If you aren't, a bad solder joint can be worse than a butt splice. I saw mentioned to fold the wires over themselves. This works, i don't like it only because it fattens the wire bundle and can cause wire strands to poke through your heat shrink and short to other wires or ground. To the person that suggested this, no offense, I'm certainly not saying it doesn't work. Lastly, if the first 2 are ruled out, I would say butt splices are the next best. The little blue or pink ones would work as long as it's dry. But you pointed out all the rat pee rusting the metal. I'll try to link pictures of what I use when working on customer vehicles when soldering isn't an option. Plus again, the plastic coated splices fatten the harness.
Any time with DC current, use multi strand wire. I also suggest marine heat shrink. Also called adhesive lined or double layered. That would make it water tight for sure.
And on the glow plugs. I'm a truck diesel mechanic, not tractors. But I would imagine it's the same. As stated, it should be a single wire for power and ground through the threads of the plug itself. And if you can only find one wire, it's common for the power source to daisy chain from one plug to the next.
Hope I didn't leave anything out