If I were to guess, the gutter guard is overwhelmed in a decent downpour and water is finding it's way behind/on the fascia with some of it showing up at the bottom of the fascia and some that is carried down back towards the wall on top of the soffit and eventually running out of the J and down the face of the wall.
All of the rain on that whole side goes to that gutter with a slight concentration on each side of the dormer. It may not take that much rain with all of that roof.
Picture a concrete parking lot of the same square footage and the amount of water running across the downhill edge.
I'd pull the gutter guard and observe it during a good rain looking for dripping at the bottom of the fascia.
That gutter guard looks like nice material, but it appears to be only about 50% open. There are many types and maybe you need something more "open" or just clean out any leaves annually. It looks like an 8' step ladder would be enough to get you up there
Solid Eavestrough fix roof leak.

Edit; there's a stain on the bottom of the gutter, that helps my conclusion.