Well for dry chemical extinguishers, the technical answer to your question is,
Fire extinguishers are supposed to be visually checked every month, for things like damage, leaks, drops in pressure, etc. You are supposed to initial on the annual tag that it has been done in the box for each month (on the back side of the tag).
They are supposed to be thoroughly checked annually, including weighing, and tagged as such with a new annual tag, again checking for things like damage, missing pins, leaks or tears in the discharge hose (if it has one), or any damage to the mechanical release.
Every 6 years they need serviced. That means taken apart (the gauge and release valve are taken off), cleaned inside and out, the agent inside the bottle can be saved and reused when the extinguisher is reassembled and pressurized. A new valve, pressure gauge and nozzle are installed. There is a 6 Year Serviced sticker that goes on the bottle to indicate it has been done. Also, usually a plastic or neoprene collar is put on before the valve is reinstalled. It has to be a collar that fits tight enough that it cannot be put on or taken off while the valve is on the bottle (this is to "prove" the service has been done, you can't get the collar on without taking the valve off). If the collar is missing, then it is counted as "not serviced".
Every 12 years they need "hydro testing". This is the same as the 6 year service above, except the agent is not saved and put back in, it is discarded and new agent is used during reassembly. The bottle is pressure tested (thus the "hydro") and certified that it passed hydro. A new sticker is placed on the bottle with the date that hydro was done, and indicates that it passed.
After each 6 year and 12 year service, the clock (calendar) resets and you start all over again.
I never did do any water extinguishers, but they do run on a different service and hydro schedule (it is less often, but I don't recall the time frequency since we didn't do them) than the dry chemical extinguishers.