Wow! Thanks for posting the photos; I didn’t understand it, until I saw it. Originally, I thought that you had broken the pin?
I vote for the beefed up version. That web around the inner ring is pretty thin, and the exterior web support stops at the half way mark, just where it failed. I would think about a steel triangle at least an inch thick with a hardened insert or bearing pressed in. You clearly need at least 3/4 of an inch, just based on the failure site. Can you get 1 of webbing all around it? If not, you may need to go to a stronger steel alloy. My two cents would be not to weld in the insert as PT did, as that induces thermal and chemical stress, weakening the outer half, and probably predisposing it to failure. A good welder ought to be able to repair that piece and add a thicker web around the ring and out toward the front half of the tractor. If it were me, I would be looking to double the strength of the web area that broke, by thicker steel, and / or stronger alloy, or both.
I don’t see that using chains, or being on three wheels is necessarily hard on the joint, but I do see that landing on the 4th wheel with full load and speed would be hard on that point.
Just a thought, you might want to try a slightly higher current or a larger rod putting the replacement triangle on the tractor. Those welds look a little on the cold side, which means you probably don’t have all the strength that you could have. Personally, I find thick and thin welding to both be rather challenging to get all of the parameters dialed in.
All the best,
Peter