Just bought and changed the blades on my Bush Hog 286 (72") today.
I too got the nuts and lock washers off (with a 3/4" drive and a sledge hammer), but couldn't get the bolts out for the life of me.
I called the Bush Hog company today and talked to a guy in the service department and told him of my troubles. He chuckled and told me that the bolts are pressed in and have a key way. He said heating won't do much good. He then told me the "secret" to removing the blade bolts.
He said to raise the bush hog, turn the stump jumper so the bolt is visible through the access hole and then place a big block of wood under the stump jumper right next to the blade to be removed and then lower the bush hog back down to the ground. The block of wood needs to be supporting weight and this keeps everything from flexing as you pound on the bolt from above. I got a piece of 1" brass rod stock (so I didn't scarf up the threads) and a hand held sledge and after a dozen or so whacks I felt the bolt loosen and then rocket to the ground. Yehaw! This was most welcome and made me quite happy. I then turned the stumpjumper to do the other bolt and removed it as well. I did find that the block should be right next to the blade but cannot be supporting the blade.
So there you go. The "secret" to removing bush hog blade bolts at home from the Bush Hog service department.