The easiest way to understand the pulley thing is: Disregarding friction, the force in the cable to the tree equals the force in the cable to the tow vehicle, since it is all the same cable. If you look at the single pulley, which has the cable running though it to the tree and tow vehicle on one side, and a single chain to the stuck vehicle on the other, you will see that the force on the chain to the stuck vehicle must be double that to the tow vehicle. A big advantage of this method over a come-a-long or winch is you can use the momentum of your tow vehicle (which should be on dry ground) to really nudge the stuck vehicle along. Just remember that the force is much higher (2x) in the single connection between the stuck vehicle and the pulley. I have broken a few mighty strong looking chains compared to the 1/2" cable that I usually use. Another advantage here is that the tow vehicle can be kept safely out of the line of recoil when and if that chain to the stuck vehicle snaps. The operator of the stuck vehicle is at risk however and I prefer to leave that vehicle unocupied with the transmission in neutral.
tree
pulley ---- stuck vehicle
tow vehicle