Being in the school construction business, I supervise pours totaling 3-4,000 CY per year, about half structural concrete and half flatwork. Being a state agency, we are required to make cylinders for testing from every pour. A minimum of 4 cylinders to be broken one at 7 days, two at 28 days (the design parameter) and a hold for 56 days if the 28's don't make strength. We make cylinders from the first truck and additional sets for every 50 CY.
Since we are in earthquake country, and since the safety of kids is our highest priority, our typical structural concrete is 4,000 PSI and out flatwork is 3,000. We use a .45 water cement ratio for corrosion resistance and usually a 3" to 4" slump. Remember, schools have to remain structurally sound for more than 50 years.
We do a 7 day water cure either by full flooding or mats.
The bottom line is that 90% of all breaks will reach 80% or greater at 7 days and 125% at 28 days. It is not unusual to see breaks up to 6,000 PSi at 28 days.
Now this is not your usual run of the mill concrete and we are required to have a plant inspector at every batching, but it is typical for most concrete.