Before starting any teardown. I would want to confirm what the problem is for sure.
Next time the wheel won't turn in cold weather, do not break it loose. Stop and apply a heater to the bottom of the wheel hub/axle end on that side., Don't blast it with heat, just warm it up gradually for 10 or 15 minutes. If the wheel turns OK after that, you have water in the bottom of the knuckle and it is freezing and locking up the gear. (You are unlikely to have any other damage as the knuckle gears and bearing are large and heavy duty, but if heating does not free up the wheel and get water out of the knuckle, then you may have to look for other damaged parts.)
There is a drain plug on the bottom of the knuckle. Pull that while warm and you should get water out if that is the problem. After the water flowing out stops and the oil starts flowing, look at the oil coming out. If it is a white foamy mix of oil and water let it all drain out. Next you will have to look through the axle fill plug hole on the center housing and and see if the oil in the center differential housing is the same white foam there and pull the drain plug on the right axle knuckle and see what comes out. If the oil in the center diff and the oil draining on the right side is clear and not watery, you can put that plug back in and then refill the axle at the center fill plug and replace the Oring on the fill plug. If the oil in either center diff or RH knuckle is watery, let all drain out of the RH knuckle and then refill completely.
After the oil is changed, try the machine for a month or so and see if the problem re-occurs. I don't think you will have any other damage. You have moved the tractor often enough so water will not be sitting on the gears and bearings in the hub long enough to damage them and they are pretty big and heavy duty for the load which is put on them. If you have water intrusion again or the oil leak gets too bad, replace the knuckle seal. When you do that, you will have a chance to look at the other parts and make sure they are OK.
I run a Kubota with the same type of knuckles and I have replaced knuckle seals on both sides but never had a water intrusion problem like yours. To get water past the knuckle seal takes a lot. Did you ever use your tractor and submerge the LF wheel and knuckle under water? That is the only way I can think of to get that much water in.
Whatever you do, it is worth testing to see if frozen water in the hub is what is locking it up. It is likely to do that because the water will separate out of the oil, settle to the bottom of the knuckle and freeze into a solid block. That would be enough to stop the gear from turning. Gear damage would cause problems at all temperatures.