You are basically correct about axle ratio affecting GCWR. On Ford F250/350's when you go up one ratio it adds like 2000 lbs to the tow capacity in their specs. I believe GM is similar.
What I don't understand is how any of this affects safety. If two identical trucks are equipped exactly the same except one has a 3.73 and the other a 4.1 does that make the one with the 3.73 less safe than the one with the 4.1? It might be a dog on acceleration or put undo strain on the engine/transmission but it shouldn't be any less safe going down the road as far as handling and braking.
With the 3.73 a truck might be rated by the manufacturer to tow 15,000#, and with the 4.1 it would be 17,000# with the same engine and transmission.
If what Builder says is true and enforcement people can actually check in a data base by VIN, then the guy with the 4.1 would be legal towing 16K while the person trying the same with a 3.73 would be illegal and subject to enforcement action. Does this make any sense when in all other respects the trucks are the same (brakes, suspension, axle ratings, etc)?