Absolutely guessing on numbers, however, it is an educated guess based on numbers derived from the already available numbers given by Ford for the 5.4 blower.
Obviously, this is a purely theoretical discussion since no such blower exists for the V10, but it is interesting to think about, none the less.
Gains made in HP and Torque from the blower would meet or exceed the diesel. The costs would be cost of blower ($4-6000), plus 1-2 MPG loss, and a premium gas requirement. Since the diesel is $6000 more than the gas, and diesel is 25 cents more per gallon than premium, the costs are a wash.
When you think about the HP gains and similar torque, the Blown V10 wins. When you think about the engine weight difference, the blown V10 wins by a mile. I have read the diesel weighs 500lbs more than the gasser. 500 lbs added to the front of any vehicle is never a good thing. The blower would probably add about 40lbs or less to the V10.
The only remaining question is- can the V10 engine, tranny, and drivetrain handle 500 HP? We already know that it can handle the torque since we have the diesel torque numbers. Moreover, the blown v8 puts out 460 HP through the F150 tranny/ drivetrain and is Ford factory designed and offered. I have to imagine it should be no problem.
Ford has a ton of experience working with superchargers over the years. If this engine were produced and factory tested, I'd bet it would be reliable.
Just for fun, imagine the look on the $90,000 supercharged Range Rover driver's face as you pull away from him at the light with 7000lb F250!