the lil pedal below the brake is a spring-return throttle pedal to use if you need to give it a little goose if the engine bogs. Let off of it and the throttle goes back to it's original setting.
the diff lock is located behind your left heel.
Yes, you prob. need to adjust the clutch pedal linkage. it is a two stage clutch. push in part way and it disengages the drive, push it all the way to the floor to disengage drive and pto. You just unscrew the locking nut and screw the linkage a few turns, then tighten down the lock nut. (I have no clue which way to go.)
You start with the clutch pushed in all the way, then slowly release clutch till pto kicks in. let it get up to speed (just takes a second), then slowly let clutch out all the way. Practice first in a low range...it takes practice to do it in 12th gear.
Yep, you must be stopped to shift gears or ranges!!!
You can't always shift gears, go from 2 to 4wd and turn pto on/off all at same time. Push clutch in, move pto lever or 2/4wd lever, let out half way, depress fully again then change gears.
(owned 1510 for 25 years...great little tractors)