Surface water has nothing to do with buried fuel tanks at all. The only 'entrance' to the tank is a small 'manhole' in the ground under which is a cam lock cap with a rubber seal so nothing can get in except the fuel truck hose and that also locks to the top of the pipe that the camlock cap came off of. The other exit is the draw tube for the fuel pump, That is it and modern diesel (and gasoline) underground storage tanks are one piece molded fiberglass with reinforcing rings. No outside water can ever get it.
Now, they do sweat inside just like an above ground farm tank does but unlike a farm tank, underground storage tanks all have electronic monitors on them that monitor for not only leaks but water in the bottom of the storage tank and that is per EPA regs. I do know a bit about them as the Freightliner dealership I retired from had 2 10,000 gallon in ground tanks and when the monitor said there was excess water in the bottom, I was the one who went out and 'sticked' the tanks. The drop stick was coated on the last 3 feet with a special coating that changed color when / if it detected water and if it did, we pumped the bottom until we got undiluted fuel. That was extremely rare. The one time we did, the shop manager called our bulk supplier and had them add a dispersant to insure that there was no water left in the tank sump. Your chances of getting bad fuel today from any filling station is very rare.
You have a much better chance of getting phase shifted ethanol gas from a non volume station than diesel,
My fuel filter changes are more from my own doing when filling the tractors and getting some stray dirt of plant material inside than bad fuel. I might change my fuel filters once a year at most and I've never had that red ring in the sediment bowl show any water, ever. Not all that worried about plant material getting in since I installed filler neck filler strainers. If anything is in the strainer, I can easily pull it out and clean it, I try to keep the saddle tanks on both tractors full when not being used as a partially filled tractor fuel tank will also sweat and condense water, especially during seasonal temp changes like summer to fall and fall to winter here. I always add Power Service summer blend and white bottle in the winter, always have.